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How to control and maintain ultra-high pressure conditions in experiments

In experiments, the control and maintenance of ultra-high pressure conditions are mainly achieved through the following technical means:

1. High-pressure device
The use of high-pressure devices (such as diamond anvil high-pressure devices) is the key to achieving ultra-high pressure. This device uses the contact of two diamond cone vertices to apply extremely high pressures, which can reach the range of hundreds of GPa. Diamond materials have extremely high hardness and transparency, which are suitable for high-pressure experiments.

2. Accurate pressure measurement
In experiments, piezoelectric sensors and other high-precision pressure sensors are used to monitor the applied pressure in real time. These sensors can provide accurate pressure readings to ensure the stability of experimental conditions.

3. Temperature control system
Ultra-high pressure experiments usually need to be carried out at low temperatures, so they are equipped with precise temperature control systems to maintain the required low-temperature environment (such as liquid nitrogen or helium cooling systems). By adjusting the flow rate and temperature of the cooling medium, it can be ensured that the sample is kept at the required low temperature state under ultra-high pressure.

4. Synchrotron radiation technology
In some experiments, combined with synchrotron radiation technology, methods such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) can be used to monitor the sample in real time. This technique can not only help researchers observe the changes in the crystal structure of samples under ultra-high pressure, but also verify important parameters such as the superconducting transition temperature.

5. Multidisciplinary cooperation
Many research teams have combined physics, materials science and engineering technologies through interdisciplinary cooperation to jointly develop new experimental methods and equipment to achieve higher pressures and more complex experimental conditions. This cooperation model has promoted a deeper understanding of the behavior of superconducting materials under extreme conditions. Through the above methods, researchers can effectively control and maintain the experimental conditions of materials such as niobium-titanium alloys under ultra-high pressure, so as to study their superconductivity and other related properties.